The Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), the French data protection authority, recently published two recommendations to support innovation in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It adopts a didactic approach, issuing recommendations, best practice and explanations on how to apply the principles of the GDPR in the context of AI.

The global AI regulatory landscape is undergoing significant changes, with governments adopting divergent approaches to artificial intelligence governance. In Asia, North America, and Europe, policymakers are setting new standards that could reshape the future of AI development and deployment.

In a decision rendered on 30 December, 2024, the Conseil d’État (Council of State) dismissed the appeal made by four associations against Decree 2023-283 on the use of drones by law enforcement agencies.  The Conseil d’État has reversed its position and authorised law enforcement agencies to use drones.  It stated that the existing legal framework guaranteed compliance with the requirements for the protection of personal data and privacy as laid down by national and European law.

The United States’ Intelligence Community1 (IC) has released Interim Guidance about the acquisition and use of foundation AI models (FMs).  This guidance has been provided by inter-agency lawyers and concerns the application of AG guidelines and policies to the IC’s acquisition and use of FMs. As well as clearly suggesting that IC elements will use FMs for intelligence purposes, the document provides additional guidance concerning model acquisition, modification, augmentation, prompts and outputs.

The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) has published its final response to the public consultation on the application of UK data protection law to generative AI (GAI). The response marks the culmination of an extensive consultation process aimed at clarifying key data protection principles in the context of generative AI systems.

In October 2024 the International Enforcement Cooperation Working Group (IECWG) from the Global Privacy Agency(GPA) issued a Concluding Joint Statement on data scraping and the protection of privacy. It completes the Initial Joint Statement on data scraping and the protection of privacy published in August 2023. It contains three objectives: firstly, to outline the key privacy risks associated with data scraping; secondly, to set out how Social Media Companies (SMCs) and other organisations should protect individual personal information; and thirdly, to set out measures that individuals can take to protect their personal data. 

The European Commission’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) office has initiated a targeted consultation with stakeholders on guidelines for defining AI systems and applying prohibitions on certain high-risk AI practices, as outlined in the EU AI Act. This consultation represents a significant step in preparing for the implementation of these provisions, which will come into effect on 2 February 2025, six months after the AI Act’s entry into force. The guidelines are expected to be finalised and published in early 2025, providing practical assistance to businesses, regulators, and other stakeholders in meeting their obligations under the Act.

The Chair AI-Regulation announces the participation of its two research fellows, Cornelia Kutterer and Dr. Theodoros Karathanasis, as plenary experts to the European Commission (EC) consultation on a Code of Practice (CoP) for providers of General-Purpose Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) models. 

The Chair AI Regulation (MIAI) shares the two first interim notes published on the 25 June and the 2 October 2024 by the French and independent think tank, Renaissance Numerique. The interim notes are based on the discussions held during the AI Dialogues, launched by Renaissance Numerique on 5 April, to which the Chair AI Regulation (MIAI) contributes as an academic partner.

Join our dynamic team at the University Grenoble Alpes to conduct groundbreaking research in AI regulation and data protection. Collaborate with international experts in a multidisciplinary environment, while enjoying life in the beautiful French Alps.

On June 6, 2024, the European Center for Digital Rights (Noyb) filed a complaint to 11 European Data Protection Authorities (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Spain) about Meta’s intention to change its privacy policy regarding, among other things, the use of personal data to train its current and future Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies.

On June 10th, 2024, the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) began a publication consultation on a second series of seven practical information sheets seeking to provide legal certainty for developers of AI systems by anticipating the relationship between the EU AI Act and the GDPR.

On May 3, 2024, in response to evolving technologies in the field of general purpose AI and generative AI, the OECD Ministerial Council adopted further revisions to its 2019 Principles on AI. The revised principles are designed to guide policymakers in developing robust AI policies and frameworks that ensure interoperability across different jurisdictions.

On April 18, 2024, the draft Framework Convention on AI was unanimously adopted by the CoE Parliamentary Assembly. The next step for the Framework Convention on AI and its ‘Draft Explanatory Report’ is for these documents to be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers for adoption at the 133rd Session of the Committee of Ministers in Strasburg (16-17 May 2024).

On March 21st, 2024, the United Nations General Assembly adopted for the first time a non-binding Resolution that encourages the development of regulatory and governance principles and frameworks and includes standards to ensure that safe, secure and trustworthy AI systems are created.

On November 8th, 2023, in the midst of the stalled inter-institutional negotiations between the Council of the EU and the European Parliament (EP) on the regulation of foundation models in relation to the future AI law, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) announced that it had updated its definition of AI systems.

On October 13th, 2023, the European Commission launched a stakeholder survey on the eleven draft guiding principles for Generative AI (GAI) and other advanced AI systems. This initiative comes a few days after the 8th annual meeting of the Internet Governance Forum, organised by the United Nations.

On September 7th, 2023, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) upheld the decision of the General Court according to which the public can partially access documentation on the EU’s emotion recognition project (iBorderCtrl) in which it discusses the general reliability, ethics and legality of such technology.

Eight more American tech companies (Adobe, Cohere, IBM, Nvidia, Palantir, Salesforce, Scale AI, and Stability) signed up to President Joe Biden’s voluntary commitments governing AI (second round of voluntary commitments). In the meantime, a third trilogue will take place on the other site of the Atlantic in relation to the EU AI Act proposal.

The adoption of the negotiating position by the European Parliament sets the stage for the trilogues between the EU institutions, while the European Commission is pushing for the AI Act to be finalised by the end of 2023. The European Parliament’s position on this legislative file reflects its members’ fundamental desire to make the EU a leader in AI regulation and innovation.

On May 17th, 2023, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) published its final report on the use of facial recognition technologies (FRTs) by Law Enforcement Authorities (LEAs). This report opposes mass surveillance, and, according to the EDPB, ‘the use of facial recognition by law enforcement agencies must be necessary, limited, and proportionate’.

On May 16th, 2023, the French data control agency – Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL) – published an action plan aimed at ensuring respect for the privacy of people in relation to Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and more specifically generative AI (e.g. Midjourney and ChatGPT from the company OpenAI). This action plan follows the 2017 CNIL’s first global approach on these new tools.  

Between 21 and 23 April, the European Commission (Commission) held the closing session of the European citizens’ panels, to debate and propose recommendations on virtual worlds in the EU. As a result, a panel of 150 citizens has contributed to the provision of 23 recommendations on ‘fair and human-centric virtual worlds in the EU’.

The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) is calling ‘for EU and national authorities to launch an investigation into ChatGPT and similar chatbots’, following the filing of a complaint on March 30th, 2023, on the other side of the Atlantic by the Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Policy (CAIDP) in relation to ChatGPT-4.

On March 27th, 2023, the European Union Agency for Law and Enforcement Cooperation (EUROPOL) released a report on the Impact of Large Language Models on Law Enforcement. Having considered the outcomes that resulted from a series of workshops organised by the Europol Innovation Lab on how criminals can abuse LLMs such as ChatGPT, as well as how it may assist investigators in their daily work, the report provided useful recommendations on enhancing law enforcement preparedness.

On February 21th, 2023, the United States Copyright Office (USCO) cancelled the registration certificate previously issued to Ms. Kristina Kashtanova for the “comic book” entitled “Zarya of the Dawn”, considering that the images in the comic book are not the product of human authorship – since they were generated by an AI system – Midjourney – and were therefore not copyrightable.

Using innovative AI techniques, Berkeley’s researchers have analysed more than 2.5 million fully anonymized metaverse data recordings and found that individual users could be uniquely identified. The study stresses the need to enhance security and privacy awareness in relation to these platforms.

The legal and ethical risks that the use of ChatGPT poses, as well as the need to regulate the deployment of similar generative chatbots, is currently being debated across the world. The European Parliament is considering placing the use of generative AI models, such as ChatGPT, in a “high risk” category in its upcoming compromise text on the AI Act (Parliament Approach), thereby intending to subject such tools to burdensome conformity assessment requirements.

Are you interested in the societal impacts and major legal issues posed by the development of Artificial Intelligence and new technologies, including the Metaverse? Do you have a PhD in legal studies (preferably digital law, intellectual property law or European/International/Human Rights law)? Are you ready to dive into the issues that concern protection of personal data and privacy, freedom of expression and other human rights in the era of AI? Do you have an open and curious mind?

On February 16th, 2023, the First Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court arrived at the decision that Land Hesse’s and Hambourg’s legislation “authorising the police to process stored personal data through automated data analysis or automated data interpretation” is unconstitutional.

On February 2nd, 2023, the Italian Data Protection Agency (Garante Per La Protezione Dei Dati Personali) urgently ordered a temporary limitation “on the processing of personal data relating to users in the Italian territory as performed by Luka Inc., the US-based developer and operator of Replika, in its capacity as controller of the processing of personal data that is carried out via the said app”.

On December 16, 2022, Katia Bouslimani successfully defended her PhD Thesis entitled “Consent in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)” in front of a Jury composed of Professors Brunessen Bertrand, Gloria González Fuster, Celia Zolynski, Peter Swire and Jean-Michel Bruguière and the supervisors of the PhD Thesis Karine Bannelier and Theodore Christakis.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the U.S. Department of Commerce released, on January 26, 2023, the AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0.) in collaboration with the private and public sectors.

The purpose of the Convention is to ensure that during their lifecycle, AI systems fully comply with human rights, respect the functioning of democracy and observe the rule of law, regardless of whether these activities are undertaken by public or private actors. The design, development and application of AI systems used for purposes related to national defence are expressly excluded from the scope of this Convention. The negotiators seem to agree that such a Convention must be seen first and foremost as a broad framework which might be supplemented by further obligations in more specific fields.

On December 8th, 2022, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) published a report on algorithm biases, in particular when used for predictive policing and offensive speech detection.

On December 15th, 2022, the European Union adopted an interinstitutional declaration on digital rights and principles that will guide the EU’s ambition to be “digitally sovereign in an open and interconnected world, and to pursue digital policies that empower people and businesses to seize a human centred, sustainable and more prosperous digital future”.

On December 6th, 2022, EU Member States voted on a “general approach” to the upcoming Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act). On the same day, 192 civil society organisations and individuals published an open letter calling on the EU to modify a number of aspects of the AI Act to protect migrants from the risks that AI systems may pose to their fundamental rights.

On November 8th, 2022, the Information Commissioner’s Office (British DPA) published a document entitled ‘How to use AI and personal data appropriately and lawfully’, which is a guide to how data controllers should use AI systems in accordance with the law and in particular with people’s fundamental rights. This publication also contains a ‘frequently asked questions’ section which addresses certain specific issues that data controllers may have to deal with. 

The Italian ‘Garante per la protezione dei dati personali’ (Italian data protection authority) published a press release on November 14th, 2022, in which it announced that it had opened two separate investigations into the use of ‘smart video systems’ by two Italian municipalities.

The ‘Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés’ (CNIL – the French DPA) released its final decision on October 20th, 2022, sanctioning Clearview AI for its unlawful activity, which consists of collecting images of millions of individuals from the open web without any legal basis under the GDPR for doing so. 

On October 13th, 2022, the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) published an Opinion entitled “Recommendation for a Council Decision authorising the opening of negotiations on behalf of the European Union for a Council of Europe convention on artificial intelligence, human rights, democracy and the rule of law”. This independent supervisory authority welcomes the initiative taken by the European Commission to authorise negotiations on behalf of the EU regarding the future Council of Europe’s (CoE) Convention on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

In October 2022, the White House released its white paper on AI. The ‘Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights. Making Automated Systems Work for the American People’ intends “to guide the design, use, and deployment of automated systems to protect the American public in the age of artificial intelligence”. The framework was published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, which is responsible for providing the President and his Executive Office with advice on numerous topics, including technology and national security.  

An algorithmic tool designed to “predict migration flows” and “detect risks of tensions related to migration” is being developed by the EU as part of its security program. Against this background, a group of civil society organisations and individuals published a joint letter highlighting the risks posed by this technology in terms of criminalising migration and undermining human rights. 

On September 24th, 2022, the French NGO ‘La Quadrature du Net’ challenged the use of technology-driven tools by French police forces before the Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL – French DPA). By means of three separate complaints, the NGO wants to raise awareness about what it calls the ‘technopolice’, which amounts to the police using methods that may pose risks to privacy. These complaints follow a petition published by LQDN which collected 15 248 signatures.

An Argentinian Court has declared the use of the ‘Facial Recognition for Fugitives System’ (Sistema de Reconocimiento Facial de Prófugos), deployed in Buenos Aires in 2019, unconstitutional. In April 2022, in response to the legal challenge presented by Observatorio de Derecho Informático Argentino (ODIA), and several other human rights organisations, the judge suspended use of the system. 

European Digital Rights (EDRi), an association of civil and human rights organisations, published, on September 7th, 2022, its position paper on the European Union’s proposed “Regulation on automated data exchange for police cooperation”, known as Prüm II.  The report underlines several issues concerning the draft regulation, the purpose of which is to modify the data sharing process between EU member states, by including, among other things, ‘automated searching of facial images’.

On August 30th, 2022, the Conseil d’Etat (French Council of State) released a report, commissioned by former Prime Minister Jean Castex on June 24th, 2021, proposing a landscape of AI technology deployed in the public sector, which examines the technical, operational, ethical and legal aspects of this issue.

For several years now, the European Commission has been working on a number of projects concerned with regulating Artificial Intelligence, digital services, and digital markets.  It has now issued a proposal for tighter rules on liability with regard to the technology industry. Amid these developments, a coalition of start-ups, small and medium enterprises, and technology companies sent a letter, dated August 24, 2022, to the European Commission expressing their concerns about the forthcoming European legislation, which seeks to modify the liability rules concerning artificial intelligence.

On August 26, 2022, the European Commission published a set of rules that it says automated driving systems (ADS) must meet in order to be approved. The regulation focuses on the need to assure that performance requirements are met, and the safety of automated driving systems demonstrated, before they can be approved. For this purpose, the Commission considers it necessary to introduce measures aimed at making automated driving systems more safe, and strict parameters regarding their manufacture.

Due to the proliferation of “intelligent” video devices in public spaces, the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) launched a public consultation on its draft position concerning the conditions for the deployment of so-called “smart” cameras in public spaces. Following several months of consideration, and various contributions from public and private actors, the Commission published its opinion last July.

On July 13th, 2022, the Greek Data Protection Authority (DPA) released its decision about the claims brought by the NGO Homo Digitalis on the processing of individuals’ biometric data by Clearview and fined Clearview 20 million euros. This lawsuit follows many similar cases filed by Noyb, Privacy International, and the Hermès Center for transparency and Digital Human Rights before the French, British, Italian and Austrian DPAs to stop the American start-up collecting biometric data belonging to European citizens.

In June 2022, the Ada Lovelace institute published an ‘Independent legal review of the governance of biometric data in England and Wales’ written by Matthew Ryder. This review aims to address the current legal uncertainty concerning the collection, use and processing of biometric data in England and Wales. It also puts forward 10 recommendations to improve the legal framework as well as the governance of biometrics in England and Wales.

At a time when ad hoc legislation on AI is being negotiated at the European level, the French Senate published on May 10, 2022, a report proposing regulations on biometric recognition in public spaces. The purpose of this report is to put forward a framework for facial recognition experimentation and to reinforce French and European technological sovereignty.

In 2019, Buenos Aires City Council introduced the ‘Facial Recognition for Fugitives System’ (Sistema de Reconocimiento Facial de Prófugos (SNRP)), which involved deploying 9,500 surveillance cameras equipped with facial recognition technology.

Earlier this month, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a civil law enforcement agency, published a settlement order requiring WW International, Inc. (formerly known as Weight Watchers) and its subsidiary Kurbo to delete the personal data illegally collected from children under 13 and to destroy any algorithm or AI model built using such data.

On March 7th, 2022, the Center for a New American Security held a workshop on Transatlantic Artificial Intelligence, which gathered together senior researchers, PhD candidates, NGO members, Institutional representatives and AI professionals from both sides of the Atlantic to discuss the future of Euro-American relationships as regards AI-related matters.

Aiming to raise awareness about the effects of AI on women, and to outline the challenges and opportunities emerging from AI technologies, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Inter-American Development Bank (IAD), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) came together to examine the effects of the use of AI on the working lives of women.

On November 16th, 2021, the Future of Privacy Forum, in partnership with the Brussels Privacy Hub, organised the 2021 Brussels Privacy Symposium entitled ‘The Age of AI Regulation: Global Strategic Directions’. This symposium marked one of the first opportunities to discuss the AI Regulation Chair’s current project, which aims to map the use of facial recognition in public places in Europe.

The Center for AI and Digital Policy, a non-profit organisation based in Washington DC, issued a statement on March 1st 2022 supporting the Ukrainian people and alerting the World as to the dangers that AI might pose during the conflict.

With the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence is becoming more and more sophisticated. This trend has led States to be concerned about the possible consequences that this technology may have on society.

On January 4th, 2022, the regulation “Provisions on the Management of Algorithmic Recommendations in Internet Information Services” was adopted by China. This text will enter into force on March 1st. It follows an initial draft presented by China’s Cyberspace Administration in August 2021 and it seeks to regulate algorithms, especially those that will be employed for ‘recommendation’ purposes such as those used in search filters, social media, online stores, content services or gig work platforms.

A few weeks ago, the 120 State parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) met in Geneve for the 6th Review of the Convention. The discussion about the use of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) was on the top of the agenda.

From November 30 to December 2nd 2021, the Council of Europe’s Ad hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAHAI) held its final plenary meeting. In this session, the recommendation on the “Possible elements of a legal framework on artificial intelligence, based on the Council of Europe’s standards on human rights, democracy and the rule of law” was adopted.

On November 24, 2021, during the 41st session of UNESCO’s General Conference, the “Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence” was adopted. This is the first global “standard-setting instrument” that seeks to regulate the use of AI in an ethical way, although some initiatives were taken in the European context. The project came about due to a decision made at the General Conference at its 40th session in 2019.

On September 22nd 2021, the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), the Body that represents civil society organisations within the European Union, adopted Catelijne Muller’s Opinion on the EU Commission’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) proposal.

On September 14th and 15th 2021, the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union hosted a High-Level Conference on Artificial Intelligence entitled “From ambition to Action”.

On September 3rd, 2021, the Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (the GPDP – Italian data protection authority), issued an official request to the local Health authority USL Roma 3, to provide information about its deploying of AI technologies to combat Covid19.

On June 29, 2021, a draft report was presented and adopted by the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) on artificial intelligence in criminal law and its use by the police and judicial authorities in criminal matters.

On June 23, 2021, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) and European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) shared a joint opinion regarding the European Commission’s AI regulation proposal.

On May 27, 2021, a coalition of civil society groups including Privacy International, the Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights, Homo Digitalis and noyb, filed several claims in Europe against the U.S facial recognition firm Clearview AI.

On April 29, 2021, the French Defense Ethics Committee issued an Opinion on the integration of autonomy into lethal weapon systems. Through this work, the Committee aims to establish a clear definition of autonomy and a clear distinction between fully (LAWS) and partially autonomous lethal weapon systems (PAWLS).

On April 16, 2021, the Garante per la protezione dei dati personali, the Italian Data Protection Authority (DPA), issued an unfavourable opinion on the use of the SARI Real Time system by the Ministry of the Interior, a real-time facial recognition system aiming to assist the Police Force in the management of public order and safety.

After a preleminary initiative was announced in January 2021, the European Digital Rights (EDRi) organisation and 55 others sent a new letter to Didier Reynders (European Commissioner for Justice) on April 1st, 2021 to support their demand for a specific ban on biometric mass surveillance technologies.

Over the past few weeks, the Council of Europe, the Strasbourg-based organisation that promotes and protects human rights, democracy and the rule of law, has been raising awareness about the risks of using AI enabled technologies and preparing a draft proposal for ensuring adequate AI regulation.

On March 12, 2021, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) opened a public consultation about their new guidelines on Virtual Vocal Assistants (VVA) which were adopted on March 9, 2021.

On March 9, 2021, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) adopted version 2.0 of its guidelines – On processing personal data in the context of connected vehicles and mobility related applications following a period of public consultation that ended in May 2020.

The French government issued a decree on March 10, 2021 authorising automated analysis of the rate of compliance with the obligation to wear a mask on public transport

On Thursday 18, 2020, the President of the CNIL issued a warning to a sports club who were considering using a facial recognition system to stop people with stadium bans from attending their games.

The Swedish DPA fines the police authorities for their use of facial recognition. Employees from two services were using Clearview AI’s App.

On January 28, 2020, The Council of Europe (CoE) adopted a new set of guidelines on facial recognition addressed to governments, legislators and businesses. The guidelines were developed by the Consultative Committee of the Council of Europe, after a 7-year process, that resulted in the updating of Convention 108

On January 20, 2020, the Legal Affairs Committee of the European Parliament (EP) adopted a resolution which includes new guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for civil and military use.

The Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the Council of Europe adopted their first feasibility study on a legal framework on AI.

On December 7, 2020, the European Commission (EC) registered and approved a request for a European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) entitled Reclaim Your Face: Ban Biometric Mass Surveillance.

On December 14, 2020, during their online conference entitled “Doing AI the European way: Protecting fundamental rights in an era of artificial intelligence”, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) presented their new report : Getting the future right – Artificial intelligence and fundamental rights.

On December 10, 2020, the Legal Affairs Committee of the European Parliament (EP) adopted new guidelines on the use of AI for military purposes and its use in the health and justice sectors.

On November 27, 2020, Brigadier-General Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian military’s nuclear program, was shot and killed in a convoy outside Tehran.

On December 2, 2020, the President of the Spanish Government, Pedro Sánchez, officially presented one of the fundamental proposals of the Spain Digital Plan 2025 launched last July and one of the most principal components of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan for the Spanish economy; the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.

On November 19, 2020, the United-Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) Centre for AI and Robotics released its latest collaborative report on Malicious Uses and Abuses of Artificial Intelligence

On November 17, 2020, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the White House released a “Memorandum for the heads of executive departments agencies” to provide “guidance to all Federal agencies to inform the development of regulatory and non-regulatory approaches regarding technologies and industrial sectors that are empowered or enable by artificial intelligence (AI) and consider ways to reduce barriers to the development and adoption of AI technologies”.

It is the ALICEM application’s use of biometric data that has been challenged by an association at the French Supreme Administrative Court and a decision has just been announced.

On April 1st -2nd, 2021, a colloquium will take place on Artificial Intelligence and Normative Challenges: International and Comparative Legal Perspectives, organised by The Faculty of Law at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the Kalliopi Koufa Foundation for the Promotion of International and Human Rights Law, with the support of the European Society of International Law (ESIL).

On October 22, 2020, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (CoE) adopted a provisional version of Resolution 2356 (2020) Legal aspects of “autonomous” vehicles.

On October 22, 2020, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a provisional version of Resolution 2342 (2020) Justice by algorithm – the role of artificial intelligence in policing and criminal justice systems.

With 2021 shaping up to be a decisive year for EU Regulation of AI, the public debate on this particular issue is already well underway.

On October 20, 2020, the EP adopted three resolutions on a framework of ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, a civil liability regime for AI and a response to intellectual property rights challenged by these systems.

On October 9, 2020, the CNIL (French Data Protection Authority) clarified its position on the use of facial recognition technology at airports, providing useful guidance for French airports’ managers and service providers in their experimentation of FRTs.

On September 2020, the cities of Amsterdam and Helsinki launched the Algorithm and AI Register, an “overview of AI systems and algorithms used by the City”

According to an article by Politico on 8 October 2020, 14 EU Member States sent an unofficial document to the European Commission asking it not to over-regulate artificial intelligence.

On September 28th, 2020, the European Parliament Research Service (EPRS) released a new European added value assessment (EAVA) on the ethical aspects of AI.

On September 2020, UNESCO published a new report entitled Artificial Intelligence and Gender Equality: key findings of UNESCO’s Global Dialogue

On September 25th, 2020, the European Parliament Research Service (EPRS) released a new study on Civil Liability Regime for AI was released.

The Council of Europe’s Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence unveiled its roadmap after its meeting on 23 September 2020.

On September 9th, 2020, the Consort-AI extension provided guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving AI.

UNIDIR published a new report on the predictability and understandability in Military AI: the Black Box Unlocked.

The document is a first step to prepare future discussions between Member States which should occur in 2021. The framework envisaged in this document is based on a set of values and principles that should be implemented in different policy areas.

On September 21st, 2020, the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires has started a debate to regulate the implementation of facial recognition systems in public spaces.

The European Commission published a report made by an independent group of experts on the Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs).

On September 1st, 2020, (UNIDIR) published a new report on Modernizing arms control, Exploring Responses to the Use of AI in Military-Decision-Making.

On September 9, 2020, the Portland City Council voted to ban facial recognition. The new law is actually established as two ordinances, which ban both public and private use of the technology.

On September 7th, 2020, the French DPA (CNIL) published its White Paper on the Ethical, Technical and Legal challenges of vocal assistants.

On August 21st 2020, HLEGAI released their new deliverable on the sectoral considerations on the policy and investment recommendations for Trustworthy AI.

On August 18, 2020, the London High Court handed down its judgment on appeal in the so-called “Bridges” case.

On July 2020, the Government of New Zealand published a new Charter applying to government agencies when using algorithms

On July 17th 2020, the European Commission’s High Level Expert Group on AI presented their final Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial intelligence (ALTAI).

On 1st of July, The European Data Protection Supervisor, Wojciech Wiewiórowski, called for a moratorium on facial recognition in public places.

On June 25, 2020, the UN (UNECE) published new UN regulations on Cybersecurity and Software Updates for connected vehicles.

On June 24th, 2020, CAHAI published a report on entitled “the Impact of AI on Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law”

On July 16th 2020, the UK Government launched a call for views on its proposals for regulating consumer smart product cyber security

On June 10, 2020, Amazon announced that the company was “putting in place a one-year moratorium on police use of Amazon’s facial recognition technology”.

AI Regulation Chair Researchers have prepared and submitted a detailed contribution to the European Commission’s consultation on the AI White Paper.

Initiated by France and Canada, the Partnership also includes Australia, the European Union, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

On May 21st, 2020, the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Authority (ICO) with the Alan Turing Institute published new guidance on ‘Explaining decisions made with AI’.

On February 28, 2020, the The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission has published its “AI WATCH: Defining Artificial Intelligence” report, including an operational definition of AI and taxonomy AI taxonomy.

As reported on the website Engadget.com, the legislative assemblies of the State of Washington found a compromise on a final text on March 12, 2020.

On March 12th, 2020, Standards Australia published an ‘Artificial Intelligence Standards Roadmap: Making Australia’s Voice Heard’.

Council of Europe’s released new guidelines and recommendations on the human rights impacts of algorithms systems and automation.

On April 9, 2020, an investigation found that the most popular connected cars in Europe from Ford and Volkswagen still have serious flaws that can “put your security, privacy and even your safety at risk”.

This new report is the most recent product of the collaboration on AI between INTERPOL and UNICRI on responsible AI Innovation

on February 2020, US Department of Defense (DOD) adopts five Principles of Artificial Intelligence Ethics.

On March 2nd, 2020 the World Economic Forum published a white paper: “A Framework for Responsible Limits on Facial Recognition. Use Case: Flow Management”.

On February 25,2020, the Consumer Technology Association launched the “first-ever industry-led standard for AI in health care”.

On February 26, 2020, EPIC submitted a complaint to the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) about Airbnb’s secret customer-scoring algorithm

On February 27, 2020, the OECD launched the OECD Policy Observatory on AI, an online platform to share and shape public policies for AI.

On a short comment published on Nature Machine Intelligence, British researchers argued for “advancing impact assessment for intelligent systems”.

Towards a European mega-database for facial recognition shared with third countries? It’s the wish of some EU countries, led by Austria

The European Commission released its White Paper on AI, followed by a suite of other papers on the EU’s digital strategy.

The Spanish Agency for Data Protection (AEPA) published on February, 13th 2020 a first guide for the adequacy to regulation (EU) 2016/679 (on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data) of products and services that include and use artificial intelligence components.

EU Parliament asked for “a fair and safe use” of AI for consumers in a resolution approved on February 12, 2020. They asked for more information.

Digital Identity in Irelande Ireland: a Public Services Card will create a secure access to public services but also a database with biometric data.

EPBD released guidelines focusing on personal data processing in the context of connected vehicules and mobility related apllications.

The French DPA, has issued formal notices to two electricity supply companies for non-compliance with GDPR on their connected meters practices.

The EU Data Protection Authority published on 29 January 2020 a guide to explain the compliance of facial recognition processing with the GDPR.

US government released a memorandum, providing “Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications”, which applies to narrow AI

On 16th January 2020, European Tech Alliance (EUTA) launched an open letter asking policymakers not to take a one-size-fits-all approach regarding new-technologies. On

In April 2019, the French Armed Forces Minister set out France’s main priorities and ambitions in the field of AI: the AI Task Force Report.